Horace Mann Sues Insurers to Cover Abuse Liability
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
Horace Mann, the elite Bronx private school rocked last year by allegations of sexual abuse, filed a lawsuit on Tuesday against three insurers in an effort to recoup over $1 million in legal fees, damages and settlements paid to two victims.
The lawsuit, filed by the school’s lawyers in State Supreme Court in Manhattan, accuses three insurance companies — Granite State Insurance Company, New Hampshire Insurance Company and Chartis Claims Inc. — of reneging on contracts with Horace Mann to compensate expenses related to liability claims, including those of sexual abuse.
Allegations of widespread sexual abuse by school officials that spanned decades were first revealed in an article in The New York Times Magazine in June 2012. Since then, more than 30 former students have come forward with claims of abuse.
A school spokesman said this year that Horace Mann had reached settlements with the “great majority” of victims, but no dollar amount has been released publicly.
According to the lawsuit, which was first reported by The New York Post, the insurers denied coverage because of a failure by the school to provide timely notice of the claims or to cooperate in negotiations over the disputed contracts.
The school denies this, and has asked for at least $1.05 million in compensation.
“In contrast to the school’s other insurers, these insurance companies have refused to honor their policies with Horace Mann, so the school had no choice but to bring this lawsuit,” the school said in a statement.
Clarke v. Abate (2012-229) 2013 VT 52
[Filed 09-Aug-2013]
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
Jamie Clarke v.
Joseph Abate, M.D.
Brian J. Grearson, J.
Supreme Court
On Appeal from
Superior Court, Chittenden Unit, Civil Division
January Term, 2013
2013 VT 52 No. 2012-229
Michael I. Green and Jerome F. O’Neill of O’Neill Kellner & Green, Burlington, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Ian P. Carleton and Eric S. Miller of Sheehey Furlong & Behm P.C., Burlington, for Defendant-Appellee.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Burgess and Robinson, JJ.
¶ 1. REIBER, C.J. In this civil action alleging sexual assault and battery and intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress by a medical doctor during the course of his treatment of a high school female athlete, plaintiff appeals the superior court’s grant of summary judgment to defendant based on the six-year statute of limitations applicable to childhood sexual abuse. The court’s determination that the limitations period had run as a matter of law before plaintiff filed her lawsuit relied primarily on plaintiff’s statements to police and
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her deposition testimony concerning her awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct at the time of the alleged assaults. Weconcludethatthecourterredbydeterminingthelimitationsaccrualdateasamatteroflawrather than allowing the jury to weigh inferences from the factual record regarding plaintiff’s state of mind and knowledge during the relevant period of time. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶2. Thefacts,viewedmostfavorablytoplaintiff,areasfollows. SeeSouthwickv.CityofRutland, 2011 VT 53, ¶ 4, 190 Vt. 106, 35 A.3d 113 (“We review an award of summary judgment de novo, construing alldoubtsandinferencesinfavorofthenonmovingparty.”). Plaintiffbecameapatientofdefendant,whowasan orthopedic surgeon and a professor at the University of Vermont medical school, in September 2000, a few months after her sixteenth birthday. Plaintiff had suffered a hip injury while training for her high school soccer season, and her pediatrician referred her to defendant, whose office notes indicate that she had groin pain near the pubic area.
¶ 3. After several visits, defendant told plaintiff that her parents did not need to accompany her to appointments, which eventually took place on a weekly basis, sometimes after hours without any record of them occurring. Defendant convinced plaintiff that he was the only doctor able and willing to treat her complicated medical problems. In late 2001, plaintiff began babysitting for defendant at her mother’s suggestion, and, as a result, plaintiff developed a close relationship with defendant and his family.
¶ 4. Defendant performed two surgeries on plaintiff, the first in March 2001 and the second in July 2002. On at least three occasions during the course of his treatment of plaintiff, including one time before her first surgery and another time before her second surgery, defendant inserted his ungloved fingers into plaintiff’s vagina. No one other than defendant and plaintiff was present on these occasions. Defendant insists that these vaginalpenetrationswerelegitimatemedicalinternalexaminationsconductedfordiagnosticpurposes. Infact,in his deposition testimony, he stated that he believed his intra-vaginal examinations of plaintiff had led him to the brinkofdiscoveringthesourceofhergroinpain. Plaintiff’streatmentwithdefendantendedinAugust2002.
¶ 5. In June 2007, defendant was arrested and criminally charged with sexually assaulting another patient in a similar manner. Defendant’s arrest was highly publicized, and the media reports describing his alleged conduct towards some patients—convincing parents not to attend office visits, seeing patients during after-hours visits, not wearing gloves during vaginal examinations, and holding himself out as the only doctor
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capable of addressing the patients’ problems, for example—reminded plaintiff of her own experiences while being treated by defendant. Encouraged by her discovery that other women had come forward, plaintiff responded to a police request for former patients to provide any information related to the charges against defendant.
¶ 6. Plaintiff filed her civil suit against defendant on June 4, 2009. Defendant moved for summary judgmentonthebasisthatthelawsuitwasbarredbytheapplicablestatuteoflimitations. Thetrialcourtgranted the motion, relying primarily on statements made by plaintiff to police in 2007 and her 2011 deposition testimony concerning her awareness of defendant’s conduct at the time of the alleged assaults. The court acknowledged that juries generally determine statute-of-limitations accrual dates, but nevertheless concluded as a matter of law that plaintiff’s cause of action began to accrue when she reached the age of majority because her “own statements indicate that she immediately recognized the tortious nature of [defendant’s] conduct.” More specifically, the court stated that plaintiff knew or should have known of the assaultive nature of defendant’s conduct at the time it occurred because of: (1) the manner of the examinations in question; (2) the nonprofessional and inappropriate relationship that defendant fostered with her; and (3) “most importantly,” her previous statements related to her awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct at the time of the suspect examinations.
¶ 7. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant summary judgment by: (1) construing facts favorably to defendant rather than her; and (2) concluding that the statute of limitations could not be tolled based on a theory of fraudulent concealment.
¶ 8. The parties and the trial court agree that the applicable statute of limitations is found in 12 V.S.A.
§ 522(a), which states as follows:
A civil action brought by any person for recovery of damages for injury suffered as a result of childhood sexual abuse shall be commenced within six years of the act alleged to have caused the injury or condition, or six years of the time the victim discovered that the injury or condition was caused by that act, whichever period expires later.
(Emphasis added.) The Legislature’s insertion of the underlined clause indicates its adoption of the discovery rule in determining the limitations period for bringing actions concerning childhood sexual abuse. See Earle v. State, 170 Vt. 183, 192, 743 A.2d 1101, 1107 (1999) (“The Legislature’s use of ‘discover’ in § 522 builds
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upon the case law developed for physical injuries and the so-called ‘discovery rule.’ ”); see also Soutiere v. Betzdearborn, Inc., 189 F. Supp. 2d 183, 190 (D. Vt. 2002) (noting that this Court in Earle “emphasized that it has attempted to unify the definition of accrual in statute of limitations cases involving personal injury”).
¶ 9. Our discovery-rule case law construing the statute has established that “a cause does not accrue for physical injuries [“or condition” 12 V.S.A. § 522(a)] until those injuries reasonably should be discovered.” Earle, 170 Vt. at 192, 743 A.2d at 1108. Thus, “[t]he date of accrual under the statute of limitations seeks to identify the point at which a plaintiff should have discovered the basic elements of a cause of action: an injury caused by the negligence or breach of duty of a particular defendant.” Id. at 193, 743 A.2d at 1108; see Lillicrap v. Martin, 156 Vt. 165, 175, 591 A.2d 41, 46 (1991) (noting “clear trend” among courts holding that limitations period does not begin to run “until the plaintiff has discovered his ‘legal injury,’ such that the statute begins to run only when the plaintiff has or should have discovered both the injury and the fact that it may have been caused by the defendant’s negligence or other breach of duty”).
¶ 10. We have repeatedly and consistently emphasized that the question of when an injury reasonably should have been discovered “is one of fact to be determined by the jury.” Lillicrap, 156 Vt. at 172, 591 A.2d at 44; see Turner v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington, Vt., 2009 VT 101, ¶ 48, 186 Vt. 396, 987 A.2d 960 (citing Agency of Natural Res. v. Towns, 168 Vt. 449, 454, 724 A.2d 1022, 1025 (1998) for proposition that “the determination of when a claim accrues is generally a question reserved for the trier of fact”); see also Riley v. Presnell, 565 N.E.2d 780, 787 (Mass. 1991) (citing “majority of jurisdictions” holding “that factual disputes concerning when a plaintiff knew or should have known of his cause of action are to be resolved by the jury”). Hence, the court rather than the jury may determine the accrual-date issue only “when there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party on that issue.” Turner, 2009 VT 101, ¶ 48; see Lillicrap, 156 Vt. at 173, 591 A.2d at 45 (stating that “such questions are ‘to be determined in all doubtful cases by the jury, because the public insists that its conduct be judged in part by the [person] in the street rather than by lawyers’ ” (quoting Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 37, at 237 (5th ed. 1984))); cf. Rodrigue v. Valco Enters., Inc., 169 Vt. 539, 540-41, 726 A.2d 61, 63-64 (1999) (mem.) (concluding as matter of law that limitations period had run with respect to plaintiff’s dram shop action where there was evidence showing plaintiff knew from police investigation that driver who had rear-ended him had been drinking at defendant’s establishment on evening of accident, that driver had been charged with careless and negligent
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operation due to driving while intoxicated, and that more details would be provided in police report, which turned out to strongly suggest that defendant had overserved driver intoxicating liquor that evening).
¶ 11. As noted, the trial court provided three reasons to support its conclusion that the limitations period began to run as a matter of law when plaintiff reached the age of majority shortly after the last of the allegedassaultsoccurred. Thethreereasonswerealldirectedatthecentralquestionofwhetherplaintiffknewor should have known at the time of the alleged assaults that her longtime doctor’s digital vaginal penetrations, done ostensibly in connection with the doctor’s treatment for her ongoing hip/groin injuries, were assaultive in nature rather than legitimate medical examinations.
¶ 12. The trial court cited as the principal basis for its decision statements made by plaintiff in a 2007
police interview and a 2011 deposition concerning her awareness of possible wrongdoing on defendant’s part
ongoing criminal investigation against defendant, she told police about the examinations that caused her concern.
The court found statements in the following dialog supportive of its decision:
Q: [D]uring your visits with [defendant] was there ever anything that concerned you?
A: Um, yeah, definitely. . . . I mean just like his—his facial expressions and he would like perspire a lot and while he was examining me and that’s all I can like remember is like just his facial expressions just like he scared me. . . . Like he was enjoying it . . . .
….
This is so—it’s so hard because you’re like—when you’re in there, you’re— you’re like on your, you know, you’re on your guard and you’re like—like this —this should not be happening and—
….
Q: And what was he—how was he touching you? Well, what was he doing? Like when he was doing this, what is he saying to you?
A: Nothing. It’s all like facial—facial expressions and—
….
Q: I mean—but how is he touching you though? I mean how—how—
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A: Well, I mean I guess in a way someone would examine you but I don’t think it got like—I just don’t know. . . . I don’t—it was—I felt like there was a difference. There was definitely like a line where it went from, you know, him really examining me to like him finding pleasure out of it.
Q: Well, talk to me about that. I don’t understand what you mean.
A: Um, just things like—it was just like the aura like just the feeling in the room the—his facial expressions changed, um, like he was kind of like—like nervous in a way, um, like he was perspiring and definitely—it was a definite feeling. It wasdifferent. Itwasdefinitelydifferent.
Q: Different than what you had experienced before?
A: Right and then like him examining . . . versus him kind of taking it to the next level where he—it really wasn’t examining anymore. It was more like him just finding—it was more like gratifying to him than it was to me.
….
Q: At any point did you ever talk to him about it?
A: No. . . . I guess I hoped that my facial expressions would have said everything but—
Q: So what do you mean by that? Talk about that. I mean so did—did he know that you were uncomfortable with it?
A: I’m—I’m not sure.
….
Q: Who—who did you tell or who did you mention it to?
A: Um, I just kind of like, you know, mentioned it to my mom and— . . . . Um, my sister and I don’t know I—I kind of like told some of my friends like kind of —I was just kind of seeing what other people would say if I told them because I really wasn’t like sure. I don’t know. I was just like in a state of mind that I just didn’t know. . . .
Q: Well, what did—what did they say to you? Did anybody make any recommendations to you?
A: Um, like my friends were like, “Oh, that’s, you know, that’s weird like that shouldn’t be happening.” And I was like, “Yeah, really. It really shouldn’t.”
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….
Q: Was there anything else that happened with you with him that you were concerned about during the examinations, um—
A: After my surgery?
Q: After your surgery?
A: Um, yes, he, um, I don’t—I don’t remember how like it started or—or anything. Ijust—Irememberhim,um,justlikeputtinghisfingersinmyvagina.. . . And not like in an examining way either.
….
Q: Okay, was—okay, so, um, what did he—did he—he didn’t say he was goingtodoanythingthen? Oryoudon’trememberIamsorry?
A: I don’t recall.
Q: I am sorry. So what did, uh, how long did that go on for?
A: Not very long because I think he was—he was startled by me in that I jumped back and, um, but I mean I remember it being a couple of minutes.
Q: Okay and do you remember what he was doing? Do you remember specifically what physically—you just mentioned physically [what] he was doing?
A: Um, it was—I mean just moving his fingers in and out. It wasn’t—it was—it wasn’t—he definitely wasn’t examining. He wasn’t doing pressure or anything. . . . Like while he was doing this he was like watching like my facial expression.
Q: Okay and did he say anything? Make any comment to you?
A: No.
….
Q: Now if you knew it was [not] okay, why didn’t you tell the—tell the authorities?
A: Because I believed him. I believed that he was the only one that would— would spend this time and, um, you know, he stuck around for this long like he —he was invested in, you know, my injury and, um, you know, he was willing to
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—to research it and, you know, talk to different doctors and, um, yeah, I guess that’s—that was—I guess I was just more concerned about getting better than — . . . . [a]nything else because I was in so much pain. . . . And I was so young and—
Q: Yeah, okay—
A: Um, and that’s a horrible excuse.
¶ 13.
sufficient knowledge at the time of the incidents in question to understand that defendant’s conduct was wrongful and not medically necessary. But, on the other hand, these statements do not demonstrate such knowledge on her part as a matter of law. Examining the statements most favorably to plaintiff, a reasonable juror could infer that plaintiff was “on [her] guard” as a teenaged girl having her male doctor examine her in a sensitive and private area of her body, and that although she had a “definite feeling” that the doctor was satisfying his sexual desires during certain examinations, she could not confirm those feelings because she “believed” defendant, and her family did not react to her concerns about her treatment with him.
¶ 14. At one point during the police interview, plaintiff stated: “And I felt like I could trust him. I mean he’s my doctor. . . . [H]e has done surgery on me and I just kind of . . . [u]m, I trusted him I guess.” She also stated that she went to her mother and sister about her concerns to see what they would say because she was “in a state of mind that [she] just didn’t know.” Thus, although plaintiff, in the context of making a statement to criminal investigators, indicated she “definitely” felt something was wrong during the examinations, she also made statements indicating that she was not sure if her concerns were valid and did not receive affirmation of the validity of those concerns from family members. Indeed, in a July 2008 deposition taken at the Chittenden County State’s Attorney’s Office, she indicated that she had hinted to her mom and sister about what was happening but they did not react at all, so she “assumed it was fine.” She further stated that, “I feel like he definitely used his power over me to make me feel like this was okay and he was my doctor and he knew what —what was supposed to be going on.”
¶ 15. Given plaintiff’s at-times equivocating and conflicting statements to the authorities concerning her knowledge and awareness of any wrongful conduct on defendant’s part, it was the jury’s prerogative to make any inferences from those statements and determine at what point plaintiff knew or should have known that
defendant’s conduct was assaultive rather than medical in nature. See Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d
Without question, a reasonable juror might infer from plaintiff’s statements to police that she had
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141, 151 (2d Cir. 2000) (“It is not the province of the court itself to decide what inferences should be drawn; if there is any evidence in the record from any source from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgment is improper.” (citations omitted)).
¶ 16. The same can be said with respect to the statements made by plaintiff during her 2011
deposition testimony and also relied upon by the trial court in granting defendant’s motion for summary
Q: So before you spoke with your friends at college, had you spoken to any member of your family about concerns that you had with respect to [defendant’s] treatment of you?
A: Yeah, I think it was like—very, like, subtle things I would tell them. I would tell my mom or my sister . . . just. . . . [l]ike, [defendant] was, like, rubbing my legs after an exam. . . . They didn’t really respond in any alerting way, so I guess that’s normal.
Q: So were you bringing it up to them for—because you thought it was wrong or because you were looking to see if they thought it was wrong?
A: I guess I always knew it was wrong in my heart. I really need—
Q: You mean since—since it happened?
A: Yeah. I just kind of wanted to feel like it was justified by someone, someone older than me, someone that I trusted, and that’s why I, you know, did mention it to them on various occasions of strange things that, I don’t know, a normal person wouldn’t think was okay.
Q: So if you knew it was wrong in your heart, why were you looking for an older person to justify it?
A: I was young. I was very young. I was very naive. I was very sheltered as a child. I guess I had trouble being—believing in myself. Had some, like, self- esteem issues.
Q: So even though you had some trouble believing in yourself, you—like you said before, in your heart you knew it was wrong?
A: Yes.
Q: From the time that it happened?
A: Yes.
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….
Q: Let’s—let’s go back to your discussing these matters with your friends at— at UVM. It sounds like periodically the topic of [defendant] would come up with—with friends at UVM and your friends would make comments like, That’s really weird and not appropriate—or something like that.
A: Yes.
Q: And—that validated your—your own personal feelings about the inappropriateness of the—of the—of the medical attention.
A: Yes.
Q: Did any of those types of conversations take place in your junior or senior years; that is, further away from the time that you saw [defendant] and I take it after you stopped baby-sitting for him as well?
A: Not that I recall. . . . ….
Q: You stopped seeing [defendant] in August of 2002. stopped seeing [defendant]?
A: Yes
Q: Whyisthat?
Do you recall why you
A: Well, I had my surgery, and I was recovering, and I wasn’t experiencing any pain. I didn’t really want to be around him any longer. I really didn’t feel want tofeellikeIwasbeingcontrolledorhavetodealwiththatsituationanymore. It wasjustkindofdone. Iwas—
Q: So—so on some level your—physically your treatment had run its course; you had had the surgery— . . . . Is that correct?
A: Yes. ….
Q: . . . . [W]hat led to your decision to—to come forward and speak with the authorities?
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A: I knew in my heart that—I mean, there was a point where I knew that I couldn’t—what was the point of coming forward? I didn’t have any real evidence. I didn’t keep track of the dates I was seen when he examined me after hours. I didn’t keep track of the days that I baby-sat for him. I didn’t keep track of the days that he came to my work. I didn’t—I didn’t have anything. Ihadmypointofviewvers[us]his,andthat’sallIhad,andIfeltfora long time like I didn’t have enough to say, Look, this guy really did something to me, and I just thought it would go away.
I buried it a long time ago. After my mom and my sister didn’t find any substance to what I was saying, I buried it. I was like, I’m—it’s gone. It didn’t happen. But until that—it came on the news and in the papers, I mean, what couldn’t hurt to come forward and tell my story? Because other girls had experienced the same thing, but they had evidence and they had things that were substantial that I didn’t have.
¶ 17.
“heart” that what defendant had done to her was wrong. Taken in isolation, this statement might support the trial court’ssummaryjudgmentrulingontheaccrualdate. But,onceagain,plaintiff’sdepositiontestimony,takenasa whole, is equivocating and ambiguous as to whether she was sufficiently aware, or should have been aware, that defendant’s acts were assaultive rather than therapeutic in nature.
¶ 18. Even the most damning statement itself expresses plaintiff’s uncertainty as to what she knew about defendant’s conduct: “I guess I always knew it was wrong in my heart.” (Emphasis added.) She testified that she was “very young” and “very naive” and needed affirmation of her suspicions but did not get it from her family. She expressed an inability to believe in herself. Although she confirmed, when pressed by her interviewer, that she knew in her “heart” that defendant’s conduct was wrong even though she had trouble believing in herself, the deposition testimony as a whole, just as in her interviews with authorities years earlier, reveals real uncertainties as to her knowledge of the wrongfulness of defendant’s conduct.
¶ 19. Examining this testimony as a whole, a reasonable jury could conclude that even though plaintiff suspected that defendant had examined her to satisfy his sexual desires rather than treat her hip/groin injury, she did not and could not have reasonably discovered the alleged legal injury until she learned through media reports thatdefendanthadbeenchargedwithassaultingotherwomeninasimilarmanner. Areasonablejurycouldcome to such a conclusion, considering the position of trust and authority established by defendant as plaintiff’s longstanding doctor, the fact that plaintiff was being treated for an injury near an intimate part of her body, and
Defendant relies primarily on the plaintiff’s statement that from the beginning she knew in her
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the lack of a response from plaintiff’s family affirming her vacillating concerns about defendant’s methods of examination and treatment. Cf. Doe v. Creighton, 786 N.E.2d 1211, 1214 (Mass. 2003) (affirming summary judgment ruling on statute of limitations because plaintiff failed to submit additional evidence beyond fact that sexual abuse took place—such as “that the defendant made any attempt to cloak his actions behind a facade of normalcy or otherwise disguise the nature of the abuse”); Riley, 565 N.E.2d at 786 (concerning alleged abuse that defendant portrayed as therapeutic technique).
¶ 20. The trial court gave two other reasons for granting defendant summary judgment on the statute- of-limitations issue. First, the court stated that the manner of the vaginal examinations was “troubling.” The court noted plaintiff’s own deposition testimony indicating that the examinations were performed without warning, without latex gloves, and after hours in defendant’s office with no one else present. Second, the court cited the inappropriate, nonprofessional relationship that defendant fostered with plaintiff, noting that defendant overpaid plaintiff for babysitting, gave her access to his personal contact information, allowed her to drive his car, and made inappropriate comments to her about his family. The apparent reasoning here is that because defendant had established a personal relationship with plaintiff beyond the common professional doctor-patient relationship, and because orthopedic-related vaginal examinations were unusual, plaintiff should have known that her doctor was engaging in assaultive conduct rather than examining her for hip/groin injuries.
¶ 21. Essentially, the trial court made inferences favorable to defendant from the facts, even though plaintiff was the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (stating that with regard to motion for summary judgment “all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [the nonmoving party’s] favor”). While for the most part the material facts in this case—facts as to what occurred during the examinations and what the parties stated in their deposition testimony—are undisputed, the inferences from those facts concerning plaintiff’s knowledge and awareness of any wrongdoing on defendant’s part are far less clear. “In determining whether an individual had knowledge, the underlying facts are merely the starting point for an assessment of the inferences to be drawn from the objective facts and their significance.” Soutiere, 189 F. Supp. 2d at 191. The ultimate assessment of the inferences is for the jury rather than the court, unless reasonable minds couldnotdifferonthequestionofknowledge. Id.
¶ 22. Here, reasonable minds could differ on whether the manner of the vaginal examinations and the closer relationship that had developed between defendant and plaintiff due in part to plaintiff babysitting for
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defendant’sfamilyshouldhavemadeplaintiffawareoftheassaultivenatureofdefendant’sexaminations. Jurors could certainly differ on the extent to which the teenaged plaintiff was or should have been aware of the irregularity of purported medical examinations by her orthopedic doctor, who was treating injuries through examinations involving the most intimate area of her body. Jurors could even infer that the close relationship between defendant and plaintiff established a level of trust that precluded plaintiff from affirming concerns she had about the examinations. Indeed, in his deposition testimony, plaintiff’s expert testified that the close relationship between defendant, his family, and plaintiff made this “almost more of like an incestuous type situation,” which conceivably could influence a juror’s belief as to whether plaintiff could be reasonably expected to believe that defendant had abused her during the examinations. Cf. Evans v. Eckelman, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1609, 1614 (Dist. Ct. App. 1990) (noting “widely recognized fact that the shock and confusion engendered by parental molestation” could cause delay in victim recognizing full impact of abusive acts).
¶ 23. Moreover, we reject defendant’s suggestion that the trial court’s decision can be supported by the fact that: (1) plaintiff stopped seeing defendant in August 2002, not long after the last of the suspect examinations; and (2) friends in whom she confided during her freshman and sophomore years in college thought that defendant’s conduct was “really weird” and “not appropriate.” Plaintiff made it clear in her deposition testimony that her primary reasons for not continuing treatment with defendant after August 2002 was that her surgery was over and she was not experiencing any pain. Indeed, she agreed that her “treatment had run its course.” She also stated that she did not want to feel like she was being controlled by defendant, but that statement does not demonstrate her knowledge that his conduct was assaultive rather than therapeutic. It is merely another fact for the jury to weigh. Nor do the quoted comments of her friends support a ruling, as a matter of law, that plaintiff knew or should have known that defendant had assaulted her while purportedly treating her.
¶ 24. “Two common themes run through the cases applying the discovery rule of accrual,” Id. at 1614, which “is essentially a rule of equity,” R.L. v. Voytac, 971 A.2d 1074, 1082 (N.J. 2009) (quotation omitted). The first is that the rule often applies “to types of actions in which it will generally be difficult for plaintiffs to immediately detect or comprehend” the wrongful conduct or the injury caused by that conduct; the second is that “courts have relied upon the nature of the relationship between defendant and plaintiff to explain application of the delayed accrual rule,” and then generally applied the rule “to confidential or fiduciary relationships.” Evans,
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216 Cal. App. 3d at 1615. Those themes reach their apex in a case such as this in which a doctor allegedly sexually assaults a minor patient while purportedly performing a medical examination for a longstanding injury in a private area of the patient’s body. This is particularly true here, where defendant’s doctor-patient relationship with plaintiff evolved into a close personal relationship involving deeper levels of trust.
¶ 25. Given the imbalances of the roles between plaintiff and defendant, as well as the ambiguities and inconsistencies in the statements relied upon by the trial court with respect to the extent of plaintiff’s knowledge and understanding of whether the purported treatment was in fact childhood sexual abuse, the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s suit as a matter of law. The jury should have been given the opportunity to weigh the inferences and nuances of plaintiff’s statements and other evidence in determining the proper accrual date for the applicable statute of limitations. We are not persuaded otherwise by defendant’s reliance on out-of-state cases with distinguishable facts and distinct law. See, e.g., Baird v. Am. Med. Optics, 713 A.2d 1019, 1025-26 (N.J. 1998) (concluding that statute of limitations began to run on plaintiff’s medical malpractice and informed consent claims shortly after her cataract surgery when she was aware of her worse eyesight and was told about problems with surgery); Rose v. Women’s Health Clinic, 630 N.E.2d 760, 762 (Ohio Ct. App. 1993) (concluding that when plaintiff learned she had cancer, “cognizable event” occurred, thereby triggering running of statute of limitations with respect to medical malpractice action alleging negligence in not informing her of pap smear test results).
¶ 26. Nor are we persuaded by defendant’s arguments that the trial court’s decision should be affirmed because: (1) plaintiff never disputed the facts defendant asserted in his summary judgment motion; and (2) plaintiff’s attorney conceded at the hearing on his summary judgment motion that plaintiff had been on inquiry noticeofherclaimssoastobarhercauseofactionundertheapplicablestatuteoflimitations. Regardingthefirst argument, defendant’s reply to plaintiff’s opposition to his motion for summary judgment included his contention that plaintiff had failed to contradict any of the facts contained in his memorandum of undisputed facts, including that she was immediately aware of the wrongfulness of defendant’s examinations and the resulting injury. The trial court did not address this argument in its decision, and defendant renews it before this Court on appeal.
¶ 27. In making the argument, defendant relies upon a sentence in former V.R.C.P. 56(c)(2)—“All material facts set forth in the statement [of undisputed material facts] required to be served by the moving party will be deemed to be admitted unless controverted by the statement required to be served by the opposing
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party.”[*] Defendantassertsthatplaintiff“neverdisputedanyoftheforegoingfacts,allofwhichweresetforth in” his statement of undisputed facts. Defendant does not indicate precisely what those facts were, but his statement of undisputed material facts in support of his motion for summary judgment quotes the very same statements by plaintiff that he claims, and the trial court ruled, entitled him to summary judgment based on plaintiff’s concurrent acknowledgement of the wrongfulness of his conduct.
¶ 28. Defendant cannot prevail on grounds that plaintiff failed to challenge his statement of undisputed facts insofar as we have ruled herein that those statements were insufficient to support the trial court’s summary judgment ruling in favor of defendant based on plaintiff’s alleged acknowledgement of defendant’s wrongful conduct. See Milton Educ. & Support Ass’n v. Milton Bd. of Sch. Trs., 171 Vt. 64, 74-75, 759 A.2d 479, 486-87 (2000) (holding that labor board did not err in denying school board’s motion for summary judgment, even though employee association filed no opposition to motion, because proffered facts were insufficient to warrant grant of summary judgment as matter of law). Plaintiff never conceded that she knew or should have known of the wrongfulness of defendant’s conduct, which was the ultimate factual question for the jury to resolve in determining whether the statute of limitations had run. See 10B C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2738, at 346-356 (3d ed. 1998) (“[U]ltimate or conclusory facts and conclusions of law cannot be utilized on a summary judgment motion.”). The parties debated at the hearing on defendant’s motion for summary judgment whether those statements demonstrated plaintiff’s awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct, with plaintiff arguing that the statements were ambiguous and for the jury to construe. As discussed above, we agree it was for the jury to decipher the meaning of the statements.
¶ 29. Defendant’s second argument is that plaintiff’s counsel conceded at the hearing on his motion for summary judgment that plaintiff was on inquiry notice of the assault so as to preclude her lawsuit based on the applicable statute of limitations. At that hearing, the court asked plaintiff’s counsel if he thought that plaintiff, by bringing her suspicions to the attention of her family, indicated her awareness that defendant’s acts constituted a sexual assault and were not medical treatment. Plaintiff’s counsel stated that it indicated only that she was questioning the appropriateness of defendant’s conduct. By acknowledging, in response to the court’s questioning, that plaintiff had concerns early on about the appropriateness of defendant’s examinations, plaintiff’s counsel did not concede that plaintiff had knowledge sufficient to trigger the running of the applicable statute of limitations, as explained above.
¶ 30. Finally, we address the issue of fraudulent concealment. Section 555 of Title 12 provides as follows: “When a person entitled to bring a personal action is prevented from so doing by the fraudulent concealment of the cause of such action by the person against whom it lies, the period prior to the discovery of such cause of action shall be excluded in determining the time limited for the commencement thereof.” Plaintiff mentioned fraudulent concealment in her original complaint but then removed any mention of the term from her second amended complaint. In response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment, she argued in part that defendant had fraudulently concealed plaintiff’s potential cause of action by telling her that he was uniquely qualified to treat her and by suggesting to her that the allegedly assaultive examinations were part of his treatment for her injuries. The trial court rejected this argument in its decision, stating that a well-established defense to a claim of fraudulent concealment is that the plaintiff knew or should have known of the cause of action, which was the case here. See Snyder v. Boy Scouts of Am., Inc., 205 Cal. App. 3d 1318, 1323 (Dist. Ct. App. 1988) (“Where fraud is established the statute is tolled only for so long as the plaintiff remains justifiably ignorant of the facts upon which the cause of action depends; discovery or inquiry notice of the facts terminates the tolling.”).
¶ 31. On appeal, plaintiff briefly repeats her fraudulent concealment claim. Defendant responds that: (1) as the trial court concluded, the claim is unavailable because even if there was fraud on his part, plaintiff did not rely upon the fraud but rather was aware, or should have been aware, of the cause of action; and (2) the claim is unavailable because plaintiff failed to plead it and first mentioned it only in response to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
¶ 32. As suggested by the trial court’s ruling on this issue, any claim of fraudulent concealment is subsumed within the central preliminary question disputed by the parties, ruled on by the trial court, and to be considered by the jury on remand: Given all of the circumstances of this case—including defendant’s conduct, his relationship with plaintiff, and the nature of the injury—at what point did plaintiff know, or should she have known, that defendant assaulted her while purportedly examining her? The jury’s answer to that question will determine whether plaintiff may move forward with her lawsuit, irrespective of the existence of any fraud claim. Plaintiff may argue to the jury that defendant’s actions, including those noted above, effectively precluded her from understanding that she had a cause of action against defendant, at least until criminal charges were filed againsthiminconnectionwithallegedsimilarassaultsagainstotherwomen. Weagreewithdefendant,however, that, to the extent plaintiff is asserting a claim of intentional fraud, she is foreclosed from pursing such a claim because she failed to plead it. See Fercenia v. Guiduli, 2003 VT 50, ¶ 15, 175 Vt. 541, 830 A.2d 55 (declining to read medical malpractice negligence claim in complaint “as one of intentional fraud”).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. FOR THE COURT:
Chief Justice
[*] This sentence no longer exists in the current version of Rule 56. The sentence was deleted, effective January 23, 2012—approximately six weeks after plaintiff responded to defendant’s motion for summary judgment but several months before the court ruled on the motion—as part of an update of the rule to “clarify[] the substance and process for summary judgment and establish[] uniformity with the current federal rule.” Reporter’s Notes, 2012 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 56. The new rule states in relevant part that if a party fails to address another party’s assertion of fact as required by 56(c), the court “may” give the party an opportunity to address the fact, consider the fact undisputed “for purposes of the motion,” grant summary judgment if the motion and supporting materials warrant it, or “issue any other appropriate order.” V.R.C.P. 56(e). The use of the word “may” under the new rule “means the court may choose not to consider the fact as undisputed, for example if the court knows of record materials that show grounds for genuine dispute.” Reporter’s Notes, 2012 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 56. Moreover, “[t]he phrase, ‘for purposes of the motion’ clarifies that a party who failed to make a proper Rule 56 response or reply remains free to contest the fact in further proceedings.” Id. Given our resolution of this issue, we need not consider whether the current version of Rule 56 clarified that the trial court has always had the discretion to consider a fact as disputed based upon an examination of the record.
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“They know they don’t have to keep their victims quiet forever, just long enough to run out the clock”
As has been previously discussed, one of the major issues regarding childhood sexual abuse and justice is that the statute of limitations vary state to state. Often times, the statute has run out by the time a victim/survivor is ready to talk about what happened to them. However, many states are re-visiting this issue and some are making changes:
Lawmakers in New Jersey are considering a bill that would completely eliminate the statute of limitations for child sexual abuse cases, but that bill has some powerful opponents.Pennsylvania state Rep. Michael McGeehan is sponsoring a bill that would temporarily waive the statute of limitations for sex abuse charges.
New York state law requires survivors of childhood sexual abuse to file a case by the time they are 23 years old. But Block agreed with Mulhearn when he allowed portions of the suit to proceed in August, ruling that Poly Prep could not use the statute of limitations to block the suit if administrators had consistently lied about when they first learned about the allegations.
The Catholic Church, California & The Statute of Limitations (SB131)
The following email came to Bob McPhail, Cal Catholic editor, on July 31.
Archdiocese of Los Angeles
Moderator of the Curia/Vicar GeneralTO: Bob
FROM: Rev. Msgr. Joseph V. Brennan, Moderator of the Curia / Vicar General
DATE: July 31, 2013
SUBJECT: AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE FROM ARCHBISHOP JOSÉ H. GOMEZ
Archbishop Gomez has asked me to send the following important message to you:
Friends, my brother bishops and I in the California Catholic Conference are asking all Catholics to contact their Assembly members and Senators and urge them to vote “No” on Senate Bill 131.
SB-131 fails to protect all victims of childhood sexual abuse, discriminates against Catholic schools and other private employers, and puts the Church’s social services and educational mission at risk. We have set up a website that will enable you to easily email your elected officials directly: http://bit.ly/….
It is urgent that we all act now. The State Legislature will take up SB-131 in the week of August 10th. Thank you for taking the time to communicate with your elected officials about this.
Please be assured of my prayers for you and your families.
In Christ,
Most Reverend José H. Gomez
Archbishop of Los Angeles
And, if you click on the link embeded above, it takes you to a “Vote No on SB131 “helpful” website. Some of the reasons why the Catholic Church of California wants you to vote no?
(emphasis mine)
1.Senate Bill 131, now before the California Legislature, would suspend for one year a deadline (called a “statute of limitations”) to give childhood sexual abuse victims the chance to sue their abusers’ employers for damages resulting from their abuse.
and this is bad…why?
2.SB-131 is not good legislation because it does not protect all children. In fact, the billonly allows lawsuits to be filed by children who were abused in religious and other private schools and organizations such as the YMCA or Little League. Children who were abused by public school teachers or other public employees are specifically not protected by SB 131. That means this legislation offers no protection for the 92 percent of California’s children who attend public schools or for children in foster care or in other public settings.
nothing protects all children – least of which, history has shown us, is the Catholic Church.
3.SB-131 unfairly targets only Catholic-run and other private institutions because it only allows lawsuits against private schools and organizations and specifically exempts public schools and other public institutions. The sexual abuse of children is a social reality. It is not limited to private institutions. Any legislation that seeks to deal with this grave problem should be applied to protect victims in all institutions in society — public and private— equally.
Perhaps Marci Hamilton can say it better than I:
True, SB131 does not cover public institutions. As I argue in Justice Denied: What America Must Do to Protect Its Children, public institutions need justice for sex abuse.I wholeheartedly urge the California legislature to take up that issue as well, and to consider a separate bill involving state and local institutions. These institutions are always treated differently than private institutions, and issues like sovereign immunity, which are irrelevant to the private sphere, need to be considered when such institutions are at issue. Let’s create justice for all victims of child sex abuse. But there is no necessity that all entities are included in any one bill. SB131 includes some of those that absolutely need to be addressed: families especially.
4.SB-131 does nothing to increase penalties against the actual abusers of children. The bill allows for monetary damages to be imposed on private employers. But it does not impose any civil or criminal penalties on the perpetrator.
I have said from the beginning that those who would abuse children are sick, but those who KNOW children are being abused – and do nothing? They are just as guilty as the perpetrator themselves.
When it comes to institutional cover-up I believe there should be no statute of limitations in prosecuting both the offenders and those who conspired to cover for them. That’s just my personal belief and something I would like to see further addressed. The reason being is that no longer is it the word of one child/now adult versus one perpetrator, but others knew or had a duty to know (see willful blindness: “If there is knowledge that you could have had, should have had but chose not to have, you are still responsible.”) and made the choice to let the abuse continue.
Willful Blindness: These narratives always follow the same trajectory: years of abuse involving a large number of participants, plenty of warning signs and, when the problem finally explodes, howls of pain: How could we have been so blind?Cases of willful blindness aren’t about hindsight. They feature contemporaneous information that was available but ignored. While it’s tempting to pillory individual villains, the causes are more often systemic and cultural. There are many reasons –psychological, social and structural — why we don’t see what we most need to notice. None of them provides an alibi or an excuse. What each does is shed light on how these organizational car crashes happen – and how they might be prevented.
A plea from a mother
(emphasis mine)
[The Catholic Church has] spent $$180,000 to lobby and undermine the bill to protect the rights of victims of Child Sexual Abuse, with their pressure they have moved SB131 into appropriations committee, a clandestine process: the least transparent committee. The Unofficial vote is next Wed Aug 14th, We urge all Californian’s to contact members of the appropriation committee and urge a yes vote on Victims Rights, and contact your Assembly member and get their support!!!The Catholic church is concerned about liability and truth is they should be. They covered up a crime! Child Rape should be considered a crime and treated as such. Once the LA Diocese was ordered to turn over records we discovered how many pedophile priests where moved around after the abuse was discovered. This discovery
implicated the church it also identifies a molester who should be prosecuted and taken out of the lives of children. This Victim Rights bill is a protection of innocence and not just a monetary issue. There would be no need for such a bill if we treated Child Sexual Abuse as a crime in the first place and protected our children instead of perpetrators.
I believe SB 131 comes up for a vote next week – August 14, 2013. If you live in California and are so inclined, please contact your appropriate representative and let them know this is at least a step in the right direction. Will it give all victims justice? No, but it will hold accountable those organizations that we already know hid this heinous abuse, and perhaps stop future organizations from covering it up.
The preface to the amended SB 131 follows after the jump – as well as a video of the senate committee hearing with powerful victim/survivor testimony
Professor Marci Hamilton has written about this as well:
“The choice is plain: protect children, or protect predators and the institutions that gave them access to children. The victims of child sex abuse who are suffering right now need state legislators to do the right thing, for the right reasons, and to send packing the bishops who have lost their way on the issue of justice.” ~Marci Hamilton
Marci A. Hamilton is a professor of law at Cardozo School of Law, and the author of Justice Denied: What America Must Do to Protect Its Children, which was just published in paperback with a new Preface. Her email address is Hamilton02@aol.com.
SB 131, as amended, Beall. Damages: childhood sexual abuse: statute of limitations.Existing law requires that an action for recovery of damages suffered as a result of childhood sexual abuse, as defined, be commenced within 8 years of the date the plaintiff attains the age of majority or within 3 years of the date the plaintiff discovers or reasonably should have discovered that psychological injury or illness occurring after the age of majority was caused by sexual abuse, whichever occurs later. Existing law provides that certain actions may be commenced on and after the plaintiff’s 26th birthday if the person or entity against whom the action is commenced knew or had reason to know, or was otherwise on notice, of any unlawful sexual conduct by an employee, volunteer, representative, or agent, and failed to take reasonable steps, and to implement reasonable safeguards, to avoid acts of unlawful sexual conduct in the future by that person. For a period of one year commencing January 1, 2003, existing law revived certain actions that would otherwise be barred solely because the applicable statute of limitations had expired.
This bill would provide that the time limits for commencement of an action for recovery of damages suffered as a result of childhood sexual abuse shall be applied retroactively to any claim that has not been adjudicated to finality on the merits as of January 1, 2014. This bill would revive, for a period of one year, a cause of action, as specified, that would otherwise be barred by the statute of limitations as of January 1, 2014, provided that the plaintiff’s 26th birthday was before January 1, 2003, and the plaintiff discovered the cause of his or her injury on or after January 1, 2004.
This bill would provide that a plaintiff party shall be entitled to conduct discovery before the court may rule on a motion challenging the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s showing that a person or entity knew or had reason to know, or was otherwise on notice, of any unlawful sexual conduct and failed to take reasonable steps, and to implement reasonable safeguards, to avoid those act acts in the future. This bill would specify that this entitlement shall not apply to a cause of action revived pursuant to these provisions.
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In its most recent attempt to deny survivors of childhood sexual abuse the remuneration they deserve, the Catholic Church is attempting to link the newly proposed statute of limitations outlined in SB 131 to a ignificant financial burden on the state of California via the public school system. Essentially, they argue that more lawsuits would force them to divert resources from their private, Catholic schools to survivors, in turn, forcing them to close these Catholic schools. The effect, then, would be an influx of students to the public school system, and ultimately, more costs for the state of California.
While the Church is correct in it’s observation that private, Catholic schools are in decline both in California, and nationally, there is no logical connection between their closures and the lawsuits brought by victims of childhood sexual abuse. Rather, this decline nationally, and in California, can be attributed to a number of factors, including: (1) the economic recession, (2) middle income families’ flight from urban areas, (3) and the rise of charter schools.
The Economic Recession
Between 1970 and 1990, Catholic schools lost 75% of their religious faculty. This has forced Catholic schools to hire secular faculty who demand salaries commensurate with their public school counterparts. This has forced tuition at Catholic schools to rise, triggering enrollment declines and ultimately, school closings.[1]
“For Catholic parents, tuition is a key factor, a 2006 NCEA report suggests. The national study, performed from 2000 to 2005 by Georgetown University’s Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, found that, among a randomized sample of about 1,400 parents with school-age children who attended Catholic services, 44 percent reported that insufficient tuition aid was “somewhat” or “very much” a problem.”[2]
Middle Income Families’ Flight From Urban Areas
In the latter part of the 20th Century, white Catholics participated in the mass migration from urban city centers to the suburbs. They were, for the most part, replaced by African-Americans, who proportionally, are much less Catholic. This caused a dearth of Catholics in the inner-city areas where parish schools were, and still are, predominantly located.[3]
The twenty dioceses with the largest catholic school enrollment lost students from 1960 to 1990 in proportion to the decline in the white population in their central cities.[4]
The Rise of Charter Schools
The 2012-2013 academic school year marked the first time that more students were enrolled in charter schools than catholic schools.[5]
In a 2006 study of enrollment dynamics of private and charter schools in Michigan, the authors found that for every three students gained by a charter school, one came from a private school.[6]
As Rev. Ronald J. Nuzzi, the director of the Alliance For Catholic Education, put it, “For the most part, when you offer an alternative to the mainstream [public] school free of charge, it can be a threat to Catholic schools, which charge tuition.”[7]
Why Survivor Lawsuits Do Not Contribute To Catholic School Closures
Catholic schools have been closing and continue to close all over the country. “Between 2000 and 2013, 2,090 Catholic schools closed or consolidated, and the number of students has declined by 651,300.”[8] These closures necessarily include schools in parishes that have not had to respond to lawsuits brought by survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
Despite claims to the contrary, as of 2010 Church donations were up by $2.2 billion (adjusted for inflation) from the previous decade. However, with the growing amount of money taken in by the Catholic church has come a significant drop in the amount used to subsidize Catholic schools. In 1965, the Church paid 63% of parochial elementary school costs. Presently, they pay 12.6%.[9]
Conclusion
This specific argument promulgated by the Catholic Church is nothing more than an attempt to pin SB 131 on a problem that has been taking place for the last 50 years. Catholic schools have been closing, and enrollment has been declining since the 1960’s for the reasons outlined above. This isn’t a problem that was created by survivor lawsuits, nor have these lawsuits exacerbated the problem. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find any circumstance in which a school was closed in direct response to survivor lawsuits for sexual abuse, even in dioceses that have filed for bankruptcy in response to survivor lawsuits. The latest of the Church’s fallacious arguments is a desperate attempt to deceive lawmakers, and should be disregarded entirely.
1. Lackman, Abraham M. “THE COLLAPSE OF CATHOLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCE OF THE CHARTER SCHOOL MOVEMENT.” Alb. Gov’t L. Rev. 6 (2013): 1-224.
3. James, John T., et al. “Developing a predictive metric to assess school viability.” Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice 11.4 (2008).
4. Jeffrey A. McLellan, Rise, Fall and Reasons Why: U.S. Catholic Elementary Education, 1940-1955, in CATHOLIC SCHOOLS AT THE CROSSROADS 17, 29 (James Youniss & John J. Convey eds., 2000).
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IL Gov signs law eliminating civil SOLs!
/in Illinois /by SOL ReformIllinois Legislature Page SB 1399: http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/billstatus.asp?DocNum=1399&GAID=12&GA=98&DocTypeID=SB&LegID=71953&SessionID=85
AN ACT concerning civil law.Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois,represented in the General Assembly:Section 5.The Code of Civil Procedure is amended bychanging Section 13-202.2 as follows:(735 ILCS 5/13-202.2)(from Ch. 110, par. 13-202.2)Sec. 13-202.2.Childhood sexual abuse.(a) In this Section:"Childhood sexual abuse" means an act of sexual abuse thatoccurs when the person abused is under 18 years of age."Sexual abuse" includes but is not limited to sexualconduct and sexual penetration as defined in Section 11-0.1 ofthe Criminal Code of 2012.(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an actionfor damages for personal injury based on childhood sexual abusemust be commenced within 20 years of the date the limitationperiod begins to run under subsection (d) or within 20 years ofthe date the person abused discovers or through the use ofreasonable diligence should discover both (i) that the act ofchildhood sexual abuse occurred and (ii) that the injury wascaused by the childhood sexual abuse. The fact that the personabused discovers or through the use of reasonable diligenceshould discover that the act of childhood sexual abuse occurredis not, by itself, sufficient to start the discovery periodunder this subsection (b). Knowledge of the abuse does notconstitute discovery of the injury or the causal relationshipbetween any later-discovered injury and the abuse.(c) If the injury is caused by 2 or more acts of childhoodsexual abuse that are part of a continuing series of acts ofchildhood sexual abuse by the same abuser, then the discoveryperiod under subsection (b) shall be computed from the date theperson abused discovers or through the use of reasonablediligence should discover both (i) that the last act ofchildhood sexual abuse in the continuing series occurred and(ii) that the injury was caused by any act of childhood sexualabuse in the continuing series. The fact that the person abuseddiscovers or through the use of reasonable diligence shoulddiscover that the last act of childhood sexual abuse in thecontinuing series occurred is not, by itself, sufficient tostart the discovery period under subsection (b). Knowledge ofthe abuse does not constitute discovery of the injury or thecausal relationship between any later-discovered injury andthe abuse.(d) The limitation periods under subsection (b) do notbegin to run before the person abused attains the age of 18years; and, if at the time the person abused attains the age of18 years he or she is under other legal disability, thelimitation periods under subsection (b) do not begin to rununtil the removal of the disability.(d-1) The limitation periods in subsection (b) do not runduring a time period when the person abused is subject tothreats, intimidation, manipulation, or fraud perpetrated bythe abuser or by any person acting in the interest of theabuser.(e) This Section applies to actions pending on theeffective date of this amendatory Act of 1990 as well as toactions commenced on or after that date. The changes made bythis amendatory Act of 1993 shall apply only to actionscommenced on or after the effective date of this amendatory Actof 1993. The changes made by this amendatory Act of the 93rdGeneral Assembly apply to actions pending on the effective dateof this amendatory Act of the 93rd General Assembly as well asactions commenced on or after that date. The changes made bythis amendatory Act of the 96th General Assembly apply toactions commenced on or after the effective date of thisamendatory Act of the 96th General Assembly if the action wouldnot have been time barred under any statute of limitations orstatute of repose prior to the effective date of thisamendatory Act of the 96th General Assembly.(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an actionfor damages based on childhood sexual abuse may be commenced atany time; provided, however, that the changes made by thisamendatory Act of the 98th General Assembly apply to actionscommenced on or after the effective date of this amendatory Actof the 98th General Assembly if the action would not have beentime barred under any statute of limitations or statute ofrepose prior to the effective date of this amendatory Act ofthe 98th General Assembly.(Source: P.A. 96-1093, eff. 1-1-11; 96-1551, eff. 7-1-11;97-1150, eff. 1-25-13.)Typical Wrangling
/in New York /by SOL ReformHorace Mann Sues Insurers to Cover Abuse Liability
By THE NEW YORK TIMES
Horace Mann, the elite Bronx private school rocked last year by allegations of sexual abuse, filed a lawsuit on Tuesday against three insurers in an effort to recoup over $1 million in legal fees, damages and settlements paid to two victims.
The lawsuit, filed by the school’s lawyers in State Supreme Court in Manhattan, accuses three insurance companies — Granite State Insurance Company, New Hampshire Insurance Company and Chartis Claims Inc. — of reneging on contracts with Horace Mann to compensate expenses related to liability claims, including those of sexual abuse.
Allegations of widespread sexual abuse by school officials that spanned decades were first revealed in an article in The New York Times Magazine in June 2012. Since then, more than 30 former students have come forward with claims of abuse.
A school spokesman said this year that Horace Mann had reached settlements with the “great majority” of victims, but no dollar amount has been released publicly.
According to the lawsuit, which was first reported by The New York Post, the insurers denied coverage because of a failure by the school to provide timely notice of the claims or to cooperate in negotiations over the disputed contracts.
The school denies this, and has asked for at least $1.05 million in compensation.
“In contrast to the school’s other insurers, these insurance companies have refused to honor their policies with Horace Mann, so the school had no choice but to bring this lawsuit,” the school said in a statement.
November 19th, 2013: Prevention Summit in Mass.
/in Massachusetts /by SOL ReformThe Prevention Summit: November 19, 2013
Sheraton Hotel & Conference Center, Framingham MA
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Good decision on SOL discovery rule (it’s a jury issue)
/in Vermont /by SOL Reform8/9/13 2013 VT 52
Clarke v. Abate (2012-229) 2013 VT 52
[Filed 09-Aug-2013]
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this opinion goes to press.
Jamie Clarke v.
Joseph Abate, M.D.
Brian J. Grearson, J.
Supreme Court
On Appeal from
Superior Court, Chittenden Unit, Civil Division
January Term, 2013
2013 VT 52 No. 2012-229
Michael I. Green and Jerome F. O’Neill of O’Neill Kellner & Green, Burlington, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Ian P. Carleton and Eric S. Miller of Sheehey Furlong & Behm P.C., Burlington, for Defendant-Appellee.
PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Burgess and Robinson, JJ.
¶ 1. REIBER, C.J. In this civil action alleging sexual assault and battery and intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress by a medical doctor during the course of his treatment of a high school female athlete, plaintiff appeals the superior court’s grant of summary judgment to defendant based on the six-year statute of limitations applicable to childhood sexual abuse. The court’s determination that the limitations period had run as a matter of law before plaintiff filed her lawsuit relied primarily on plaintiff’s statements to police and
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her deposition testimony concerning her awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct at the time of the alleged assaults. Weconcludethatthecourterredbydeterminingthelimitationsaccrualdateasamatteroflawrather than allowing the jury to weigh inferences from the factual record regarding plaintiff’s state of mind and knowledge during the relevant period of time. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶2. Thefacts,viewedmostfavorablytoplaintiff,areasfollows. SeeSouthwickv.CityofRutland, 2011 VT 53, ¶ 4, 190 Vt. 106, 35 A.3d 113 (“We review an award of summary judgment de novo, construing alldoubtsandinferencesinfavorofthenonmovingparty.”). Plaintiffbecameapatientofdefendant,whowasan orthopedic surgeon and a professor at the University of Vermont medical school, in September 2000, a few months after her sixteenth birthday. Plaintiff had suffered a hip injury while training for her high school soccer season, and her pediatrician referred her to defendant, whose office notes indicate that she had groin pain near the pubic area.
¶ 3. After several visits, defendant told plaintiff that her parents did not need to accompany her to appointments, which eventually took place on a weekly basis, sometimes after hours without any record of them occurring. Defendant convinced plaintiff that he was the only doctor able and willing to treat her complicated medical problems. In late 2001, plaintiff began babysitting for defendant at her mother’s suggestion, and, as a result, plaintiff developed a close relationship with defendant and his family.
¶ 4. Defendant performed two surgeries on plaintiff, the first in March 2001 and the second in July 2002. On at least three occasions during the course of his treatment of plaintiff, including one time before her first surgery and another time before her second surgery, defendant inserted his ungloved fingers into plaintiff’s vagina. No one other than defendant and plaintiff was present on these occasions. Defendant insists that these vaginalpenetrationswerelegitimatemedicalinternalexaminationsconductedfordiagnosticpurposes. Infact,in his deposition testimony, he stated that he believed his intra-vaginal examinations of plaintiff had led him to the brinkofdiscoveringthesourceofhergroinpain. Plaintiff’streatmentwithdefendantendedinAugust2002.
¶ 5. In June 2007, defendant was arrested and criminally charged with sexually assaulting another patient in a similar manner. Defendant’s arrest was highly publicized, and the media reports describing his alleged conduct towards some patients—convincing parents not to attend office visits, seeing patients during after-hours visits, not wearing gloves during vaginal examinations, and holding himself out as the only doctor
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capable of addressing the patients’ problems, for example—reminded plaintiff of her own experiences while being treated by defendant. Encouraged by her discovery that other women had come forward, plaintiff responded to a police request for former patients to provide any information related to the charges against defendant.
¶ 6. Plaintiff filed her civil suit against defendant on June 4, 2009. Defendant moved for summary judgmentonthebasisthatthelawsuitwasbarredbytheapplicablestatuteoflimitations. Thetrialcourtgranted the motion, relying primarily on statements made by plaintiff to police in 2007 and her 2011 deposition testimony concerning her awareness of defendant’s conduct at the time of the alleged assaults. The court acknowledged that juries generally determine statute-of-limitations accrual dates, but nevertheless concluded as a matter of law that plaintiff’s cause of action began to accrue when she reached the age of majority because her “own statements indicate that she immediately recognized the tortious nature of [defendant’s] conduct.” More specifically, the court stated that plaintiff knew or should have known of the assaultive nature of defendant’s conduct at the time it occurred because of: (1) the manner of the examinations in question; (2) the nonprofessional and inappropriate relationship that defendant fostered with her; and (3) “most importantly,” her previous statements related to her awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct at the time of the suspect examinations.
¶ 7. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant summary judgment by: (1) construing facts favorably to defendant rather than her; and (2) concluding that the statute of limitations could not be tolled based on a theory of fraudulent concealment.
¶ 8. The parties and the trial court agree that the applicable statute of limitations is found in 12 V.S.A.
§ 522(a), which states as follows:
A civil action brought by any person for recovery of damages for injury suffered as a result of childhood sexual abuse shall be commenced within six years of the act alleged to have caused the injury or condition, or six years of the time the victim discovered that the injury or condition was caused by that act, whichever period expires later.
(Emphasis added.) The Legislature’s insertion of the underlined clause indicates its adoption of the discovery rule in determining the limitations period for bringing actions concerning childhood sexual abuse. See Earle v. State, 170 Vt. 183, 192, 743 A.2d 1101, 1107 (1999) (“The Legislature’s use of ‘discover’ in § 522 builds
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upon the case law developed for physical injuries and the so-called ‘discovery rule.’ ”); see also Soutiere v. Betzdearborn, Inc., 189 F. Supp. 2d 183, 190 (D. Vt. 2002) (noting that this Court in Earle “emphasized that it has attempted to unify the definition of accrual in statute of limitations cases involving personal injury”).
¶ 9. Our discovery-rule case law construing the statute has established that “a cause does not accrue for physical injuries [“or condition” 12 V.S.A. § 522(a)] until those injuries reasonably should be discovered.” Earle, 170 Vt. at 192, 743 A.2d at 1108. Thus, “[t]he date of accrual under the statute of limitations seeks to identify the point at which a plaintiff should have discovered the basic elements of a cause of action: an injury caused by the negligence or breach of duty of a particular defendant.” Id. at 193, 743 A.2d at 1108; see Lillicrap v. Martin, 156 Vt. 165, 175, 591 A.2d 41, 46 (1991) (noting “clear trend” among courts holding that limitations period does not begin to run “until the plaintiff has discovered his ‘legal injury,’ such that the statute begins to run only when the plaintiff has or should have discovered both the injury and the fact that it may have been caused by the defendant’s negligence or other breach of duty”).
¶ 10. We have repeatedly and consistently emphasized that the question of when an injury reasonably should have been discovered “is one of fact to be determined by the jury.” Lillicrap, 156 Vt. at 172, 591 A.2d at 44; see Turner v. Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington, Vt., 2009 VT 101, ¶ 48, 186 Vt. 396, 987 A.2d 960 (citing Agency of Natural Res. v. Towns, 168 Vt. 449, 454, 724 A.2d 1022, 1025 (1998) for proposition that “the determination of when a claim accrues is generally a question reserved for the trier of fact”); see also Riley v. Presnell, 565 N.E.2d 780, 787 (Mass. 1991) (citing “majority of jurisdictions” holding “that factual disputes concerning when a plaintiff knew or should have known of his cause of action are to be resolved by the jury”). Hence, the court rather than the jury may determine the accrual-date issue only “when there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for the nonmoving party on that issue.” Turner, 2009 VT 101, ¶ 48; see Lillicrap, 156 Vt. at 173, 591 A.2d at 45 (stating that “such questions are ‘to be determined in all doubtful cases by the jury, because the public insists that its conduct be judged in part by the [person] in the street rather than by lawyers’ ” (quoting Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 37, at 237 (5th ed. 1984))); cf. Rodrigue v. Valco Enters., Inc., 169 Vt. 539, 540-41, 726 A.2d 61, 63-64 (1999) (mem.) (concluding as matter of law that limitations period had run with respect to plaintiff’s dram shop action where there was evidence showing plaintiff knew from police investigation that driver who had rear-ended him had been drinking at defendant’s establishment on evening of accident, that driver had been charged with careless and negligent
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operation due to driving while intoxicated, and that more details would be provided in police report, which turned out to strongly suggest that defendant had overserved driver intoxicating liquor that evening).
¶ 11. As noted, the trial court provided three reasons to support its conclusion that the limitations period began to run as a matter of law when plaintiff reached the age of majority shortly after the last of the allegedassaultsoccurred. Thethreereasonswerealldirectedatthecentralquestionofwhetherplaintiffknewor should have known at the time of the alleged assaults that her longtime doctor’s digital vaginal penetrations, done ostensibly in connection with the doctor’s treatment for her ongoing hip/groin injuries, were assaultive in nature rather than legitimate medical examinations.
¶ 12. The trial court cited as the principal basis for its decision statements made by plaintiff in a 2007
police interview and a 2011 deposition concerning her awareness of possible wrongdoing on defendant’s part
withrespecttothevaginalexaminations. Inher2007interviewwithpolice,whichoccurredinthecontextofan
ongoing criminal investigation against defendant, she told police about the examinations that caused her concern.
The court found statements in the following dialog supportive of its decision:
Q: [D]uring your visits with [defendant] was there ever anything that concerned you?
A: Um, yeah, definitely. . . . I mean just like his—his facial expressions and he would like perspire a lot and while he was examining me and that’s all I can like remember is like just his facial expressions just like he scared me. . . . Like he was enjoying it . . . .
….
This is so—it’s so hard because you’re like—when you’re in there, you’re— you’re like on your, you know, you’re on your guard and you’re like—like this —this should not be happening and—
….
Q: And what was he—how was he touching you? Well, what was he doing? Like when he was doing this, what is he saying to you?
A: Nothing. It’s all like facial—facial expressions and—
….
Q: I mean—but how is he touching you though? I mean how—how—
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A: Well, I mean I guess in a way someone would examine you but I don’t think it got like—I just don’t know. . . . I don’t—it was—I felt like there was a difference. There was definitely like a line where it went from, you know, him really examining me to like him finding pleasure out of it.
Q: Well, talk to me about that. I don’t understand what you mean.
A: Um, just things like—it was just like the aura like just the feeling in the room the—his facial expressions changed, um, like he was kind of like—like nervous in a way, um, like he was perspiring and definitely—it was a definite feeling. It wasdifferent. Itwasdefinitelydifferent.
Q: Different than what you had experienced before?
A: Right and then like him examining . . . versus him kind of taking it to the next level where he—it really wasn’t examining anymore. It was more like him just finding—it was more like gratifying to him than it was to me.
….
Q: At any point did you ever talk to him about it?
A: No. . . . I guess I hoped that my facial expressions would have said everything but—
Q: So what do you mean by that? Talk about that. I mean so did—did he know that you were uncomfortable with it?
A: I’m—I’m not sure.
….
Q: Who—who did you tell or who did you mention it to?
A: Um, I just kind of like, you know, mentioned it to my mom and— . . . . Um, my sister and I don’t know I—I kind of like told some of my friends like kind of —I was just kind of seeing what other people would say if I told them because I really wasn’t like sure. I don’t know. I was just like in a state of mind that I just didn’t know. . . .
Q: Well, what did—what did they say to you? Did anybody make any recommendations to you?
A: Um, like my friends were like, “Oh, that’s, you know, that’s weird like that shouldn’t be happening.” And I was like, “Yeah, really. It really shouldn’t.”
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….
Q: Was there anything else that happened with you with him that you were concerned about during the examinations, um—
A: After my surgery?
Q: After your surgery?
A: Um, yes, he, um, I don’t—I don’t remember how like it started or—or anything. Ijust—Irememberhim,um,justlikeputtinghisfingersinmyvagina.. . . And not like in an examining way either.
….
Q: Okay, was—okay, so, um, what did he—did he—he didn’t say he was goingtodoanythingthen? Oryoudon’trememberIamsorry?
A: I don’t recall.
Q: I am sorry. So what did, uh, how long did that go on for?
A: Not very long because I think he was—he was startled by me in that I jumped back and, um, but I mean I remember it being a couple of minutes.
Q: Okay and do you remember what he was doing? Do you remember specifically what physically—you just mentioned physically [what] he was doing?
A: Um, it was—I mean just moving his fingers in and out. It wasn’t—it was—it wasn’t—he definitely wasn’t examining. He wasn’t doing pressure or anything. . . . Like while he was doing this he was like watching like my facial expression.
Q: Okay and did he say anything? Make any comment to you?
A: No.
….
Q: Now if you knew it was [not] okay, why didn’t you tell the—tell the authorities?
A: Because I believed him. I believed that he was the only one that would— would spend this time and, um, you know, he stuck around for this long like he —he was invested in, you know, my injury and, um, you know, he was willing to
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—to research it and, you know, talk to different doctors and, um, yeah, I guess that’s—that was—I guess I was just more concerned about getting better than — . . . . [a]nything else because I was in so much pain. . . . And I was so young and—
Q: Yeah, okay—
A: Um, and that’s a horrible excuse.
¶ 13.
sufficient knowledge at the time of the incidents in question to understand that defendant’s conduct was wrongful and not medically necessary. But, on the other hand, these statements do not demonstrate such knowledge on her part as a matter of law. Examining the statements most favorably to plaintiff, a reasonable juror could infer that plaintiff was “on [her] guard” as a teenaged girl having her male doctor examine her in a sensitive and private area of her body, and that although she had a “definite feeling” that the doctor was satisfying his sexual desires during certain examinations, she could not confirm those feelings because she “believed” defendant, and her family did not react to her concerns about her treatment with him.
¶ 14. At one point during the police interview, plaintiff stated: “And I felt like I could trust him. I mean he’s my doctor. . . . [H]e has done surgery on me and I just kind of . . . [u]m, I trusted him I guess.” She also stated that she went to her mother and sister about her concerns to see what they would say because she was “in a state of mind that [she] just didn’t know.” Thus, although plaintiff, in the context of making a statement to criminal investigators, indicated she “definitely” felt something was wrong during the examinations, she also made statements indicating that she was not sure if her concerns were valid and did not receive affirmation of the validity of those concerns from family members. Indeed, in a July 2008 deposition taken at the Chittenden County State’s Attorney’s Office, she indicated that she had hinted to her mom and sister about what was happening but they did not react at all, so she “assumed it was fine.” She further stated that, “I feel like he definitely used his power over me to make me feel like this was okay and he was my doctor and he knew what —what was supposed to be going on.”
¶ 15. Given plaintiff’s at-times equivocating and conflicting statements to the authorities concerning her knowledge and awareness of any wrongful conduct on defendant’s part, it was the jury’s prerogative to make any inferences from those statements and determine at what point plaintiff knew or should have known that
defendant’s conduct was assaultive rather than medical in nature. See Howley v. Town of Stratford, 217 F.3d
Without question, a reasonable juror might infer from plaintiff’s statements to police that she had
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141, 151 (2d Cir. 2000) (“It is not the province of the court itself to decide what inferences should be drawn; if there is any evidence in the record from any source from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, summary judgment is improper.” (citations omitted)).
¶ 16. The same can be said with respect to the statements made by plaintiff during her 2011
deposition testimony and also relied upon by the trial court in granting defendant’s motion for summary
judgment. Thetrialcourtanddefendantrelyonthefollowingstatementsfromthatdeposition:
Q: So before you spoke with your friends at college, had you spoken to any member of your family about concerns that you had with respect to [defendant’s] treatment of you?
A: Yeah, I think it was like—very, like, subtle things I would tell them. I would tell my mom or my sister . . . just. . . . [l]ike, [defendant] was, like, rubbing my legs after an exam. . . . They didn’t really respond in any alerting way, so I guess that’s normal.
Q: So were you bringing it up to them for—because you thought it was wrong or because you were looking to see if they thought it was wrong?
A: I guess I always knew it was wrong in my heart. I really need—
Q: You mean since—since it happened?
A: Yeah. I just kind of wanted to feel like it was justified by someone, someone older than me, someone that I trusted, and that’s why I, you know, did mention it to them on various occasions of strange things that, I don’t know, a normal person wouldn’t think was okay.
Q: So if you knew it was wrong in your heart, why were you looking for an older person to justify it?
A: I was young. I was very young. I was very naive. I was very sheltered as a child. I guess I had trouble being—believing in myself. Had some, like, self- esteem issues.
Q: So even though you had some trouble believing in yourself, you—like you said before, in your heart you knew it was wrong?
A: Yes.
Q: From the time that it happened?
A: Yes.
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….
Q: Let’s—let’s go back to your discussing these matters with your friends at— at UVM. It sounds like periodically the topic of [defendant] would come up with—with friends at UVM and your friends would make comments like, That’s really weird and not appropriate—or something like that.
A: Yes.
Q: And—that validated your—your own personal feelings about the inappropriateness of the—of the—of the medical attention.
A: Yes.
Q: Did any of those types of conversations take place in your junior or senior years; that is, further away from the time that you saw [defendant] and I take it after you stopped baby-sitting for him as well?
A: Not that I recall. . . . ….
Q: You stopped seeing [defendant] in August of 2002. stopped seeing [defendant]?
A: Yes
Q: Whyisthat?
Do you recall why you
A: Well, I had my surgery, and I was recovering, and I wasn’t experiencing any pain. I didn’t really want to be around him any longer. I really didn’t feel want tofeellikeIwasbeingcontrolledorhavetodealwiththatsituationanymore. It wasjustkindofdone. Iwas—
Q: So—so on some level your—physically your treatment had run its course; you had had the surgery— . . . . Is that correct?
A: Yes. ….
Q: . . . . [W]hat led to your decision to—to come forward and speak with the authorities?
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A: I knew in my heart that—I mean, there was a point where I knew that I couldn’t—what was the point of coming forward? I didn’t have any real evidence. I didn’t keep track of the dates I was seen when he examined me after hours. I didn’t keep track of the days that I baby-sat for him. I didn’t keep track of the days that he came to my work. I didn’t—I didn’t have anything. Ihadmypointofviewvers[us]his,andthat’sallIhad,andIfeltfora long time like I didn’t have enough to say, Look, this guy really did something to me, and I just thought it would go away.
I buried it a long time ago. After my mom and my sister didn’t find any substance to what I was saying, I buried it. I was like, I’m—it’s gone. It didn’t happen. But until that—it came on the news and in the papers, I mean, what couldn’t hurt to come forward and tell my story? Because other girls had experienced the same thing, but they had evidence and they had things that were substantial that I didn’t have.
¶ 17.
“heart” that what defendant had done to her was wrong. Taken in isolation, this statement might support the trial court’ssummaryjudgmentrulingontheaccrualdate. But,onceagain,plaintiff’sdepositiontestimony,takenasa whole, is equivocating and ambiguous as to whether she was sufficiently aware, or should have been aware, that defendant’s acts were assaultive rather than therapeutic in nature.
¶ 18. Even the most damning statement itself expresses plaintiff’s uncertainty as to what she knew about defendant’s conduct: “I guess I always knew it was wrong in my heart.” (Emphasis added.) She testified that she was “very young” and “very naive” and needed affirmation of her suspicions but did not get it from her family. She expressed an inability to believe in herself. Although she confirmed, when pressed by her interviewer, that she knew in her “heart” that defendant’s conduct was wrong even though she had trouble believing in herself, the deposition testimony as a whole, just as in her interviews with authorities years earlier, reveals real uncertainties as to her knowledge of the wrongfulness of defendant’s conduct.
¶ 19. Examining this testimony as a whole, a reasonable jury could conclude that even though plaintiff suspected that defendant had examined her to satisfy his sexual desires rather than treat her hip/groin injury, she did not and could not have reasonably discovered the alleged legal injury until she learned through media reports thatdefendanthadbeenchargedwithassaultingotherwomeninasimilarmanner. Areasonablejurycouldcome to such a conclusion, considering the position of trust and authority established by defendant as plaintiff’s longstanding doctor, the fact that plaintiff was being treated for an injury near an intimate part of her body, and
Defendant relies primarily on the plaintiff’s statement that from the beginning she knew in her
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the lack of a response from plaintiff’s family affirming her vacillating concerns about defendant’s methods of examination and treatment. Cf. Doe v. Creighton, 786 N.E.2d 1211, 1214 (Mass. 2003) (affirming summary judgment ruling on statute of limitations because plaintiff failed to submit additional evidence beyond fact that sexual abuse took place—such as “that the defendant made any attempt to cloak his actions behind a facade of normalcy or otherwise disguise the nature of the abuse”); Riley, 565 N.E.2d at 786 (concerning alleged abuse that defendant portrayed as therapeutic technique).
¶ 20. The trial court gave two other reasons for granting defendant summary judgment on the statute- of-limitations issue. First, the court stated that the manner of the vaginal examinations was “troubling.” The court noted plaintiff’s own deposition testimony indicating that the examinations were performed without warning, without latex gloves, and after hours in defendant’s office with no one else present. Second, the court cited the inappropriate, nonprofessional relationship that defendant fostered with plaintiff, noting that defendant overpaid plaintiff for babysitting, gave her access to his personal contact information, allowed her to drive his car, and made inappropriate comments to her about his family. The apparent reasoning here is that because defendant had established a personal relationship with plaintiff beyond the common professional doctor-patient relationship, and because orthopedic-related vaginal examinations were unusual, plaintiff should have known that her doctor was engaging in assaultive conduct rather than examining her for hip/groin injuries.
¶ 21. Essentially, the trial court made inferences favorable to defendant from the facts, even though plaintiff was the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (stating that with regard to motion for summary judgment “all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [the nonmoving party’s] favor”). While for the most part the material facts in this case—facts as to what occurred during the examinations and what the parties stated in their deposition testimony—are undisputed, the inferences from those facts concerning plaintiff’s knowledge and awareness of any wrongdoing on defendant’s part are far less clear. “In determining whether an individual had knowledge, the underlying facts are merely the starting point for an assessment of the inferences to be drawn from the objective facts and their significance.” Soutiere, 189 F. Supp. 2d at 191. The ultimate assessment of the inferences is for the jury rather than the court, unless reasonable minds couldnotdifferonthequestionofknowledge. Id.
¶ 22. Here, reasonable minds could differ on whether the manner of the vaginal examinations and the closer relationship that had developed between defendant and plaintiff due in part to plaintiff babysitting for
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defendant’sfamilyshouldhavemadeplaintiffawareoftheassaultivenatureofdefendant’sexaminations. Jurors could certainly differ on the extent to which the teenaged plaintiff was or should have been aware of the irregularity of purported medical examinations by her orthopedic doctor, who was treating injuries through examinations involving the most intimate area of her body. Jurors could even infer that the close relationship between defendant and plaintiff established a level of trust that precluded plaintiff from affirming concerns she had about the examinations. Indeed, in his deposition testimony, plaintiff’s expert testified that the close relationship between defendant, his family, and plaintiff made this “almost more of like an incestuous type situation,” which conceivably could influence a juror’s belief as to whether plaintiff could be reasonably expected to believe that defendant had abused her during the examinations. Cf. Evans v. Eckelman, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1609, 1614 (Dist. Ct. App. 1990) (noting “widely recognized fact that the shock and confusion engendered by parental molestation” could cause delay in victim recognizing full impact of abusive acts).
¶ 23. Moreover, we reject defendant’s suggestion that the trial court’s decision can be supported by the fact that: (1) plaintiff stopped seeing defendant in August 2002, not long after the last of the suspect examinations; and (2) friends in whom she confided during her freshman and sophomore years in college thought that defendant’s conduct was “really weird” and “not appropriate.” Plaintiff made it clear in her deposition testimony that her primary reasons for not continuing treatment with defendant after August 2002 was that her surgery was over and she was not experiencing any pain. Indeed, she agreed that her “treatment had run its course.” She also stated that she did not want to feel like she was being controlled by defendant, but that statement does not demonstrate her knowledge that his conduct was assaultive rather than therapeutic. It is merely another fact for the jury to weigh. Nor do the quoted comments of her friends support a ruling, as a matter of law, that plaintiff knew or should have known that defendant had assaulted her while purportedly treating her.
¶ 24. “Two common themes run through the cases applying the discovery rule of accrual,” Id. at 1614, which “is essentially a rule of equity,” R.L. v. Voytac, 971 A.2d 1074, 1082 (N.J. 2009) (quotation omitted). The first is that the rule often applies “to types of actions in which it will generally be difficult for plaintiffs to immediately detect or comprehend” the wrongful conduct or the injury caused by that conduct; the second is that “courts have relied upon the nature of the relationship between defendant and plaintiff to explain application of the delayed accrual rule,” and then generally applied the rule “to confidential or fiduciary relationships.” Evans,
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216 Cal. App. 3d at 1615. Those themes reach their apex in a case such as this in which a doctor allegedly sexually assaults a minor patient while purportedly performing a medical examination for a longstanding injury in a private area of the patient’s body. This is particularly true here, where defendant’s doctor-patient relationship with plaintiff evolved into a close personal relationship involving deeper levels of trust.
¶ 25. Given the imbalances of the roles between plaintiff and defendant, as well as the ambiguities and inconsistencies in the statements relied upon by the trial court with respect to the extent of plaintiff’s knowledge and understanding of whether the purported treatment was in fact childhood sexual abuse, the trial court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s suit as a matter of law. The jury should have been given the opportunity to weigh the inferences and nuances of plaintiff’s statements and other evidence in determining the proper accrual date for the applicable statute of limitations. We are not persuaded otherwise by defendant’s reliance on out-of-state cases with distinguishable facts and distinct law. See, e.g., Baird v. Am. Med. Optics, 713 A.2d 1019, 1025-26 (N.J. 1998) (concluding that statute of limitations began to run on plaintiff’s medical malpractice and informed consent claims shortly after her cataract surgery when she was aware of her worse eyesight and was told about problems with surgery); Rose v. Women’s Health Clinic, 630 N.E.2d 760, 762 (Ohio Ct. App. 1993) (concluding that when plaintiff learned she had cancer, “cognizable event” occurred, thereby triggering running of statute of limitations with respect to medical malpractice action alleging negligence in not informing her of pap smear test results).
¶ 26. Nor are we persuaded by defendant’s arguments that the trial court’s decision should be affirmed because: (1) plaintiff never disputed the facts defendant asserted in his summary judgment motion; and (2) plaintiff’s attorney conceded at the hearing on his summary judgment motion that plaintiff had been on inquiry noticeofherclaimssoastobarhercauseofactionundertheapplicablestatuteoflimitations. Regardingthefirst argument, defendant’s reply to plaintiff’s opposition to his motion for summary judgment included his contention that plaintiff had failed to contradict any of the facts contained in his memorandum of undisputed facts, including that she was immediately aware of the wrongfulness of defendant’s examinations and the resulting injury. The trial court did not address this argument in its decision, and defendant renews it before this Court on appeal.
¶ 27. In making the argument, defendant relies upon a sentence in former V.R.C.P. 56(c)(2)—“All material facts set forth in the statement [of undisputed material facts] required to be served by the moving party will be deemed to be admitted unless controverted by the statement required to be served by the opposing
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party.”[*] Defendantassertsthatplaintiff“neverdisputedanyoftheforegoingfacts,allofwhichweresetforth in” his statement of undisputed facts. Defendant does not indicate precisely what those facts were, but his statement of undisputed material facts in support of his motion for summary judgment quotes the very same statements by plaintiff that he claims, and the trial court ruled, entitled him to summary judgment based on plaintiff’s concurrent acknowledgement of the wrongfulness of his conduct.
¶ 28. Defendant cannot prevail on grounds that plaintiff failed to challenge his statement of undisputed facts insofar as we have ruled herein that those statements were insufficient to support the trial court’s summary judgment ruling in favor of defendant based on plaintiff’s alleged acknowledgement of defendant’s wrongful conduct. See Milton Educ. & Support Ass’n v. Milton Bd. of Sch. Trs., 171 Vt. 64, 74-75, 759 A.2d 479, 486-87 (2000) (holding that labor board did not err in denying school board’s motion for summary judgment, even though employee association filed no opposition to motion, because proffered facts were insufficient to warrant grant of summary judgment as matter of law). Plaintiff never conceded that she knew or should have known of the wrongfulness of defendant’s conduct, which was the ultimate factual question for the jury to resolve in determining whether the statute of limitations had run. See 10B C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2738, at 346-356 (3d ed. 1998) (“[U]ltimate or conclusory facts and conclusions of law cannot be utilized on a summary judgment motion.”). The parties debated at the hearing on defendant’s motion for summary judgment whether those statements demonstrated plaintiff’s awareness of defendant’s wrongful conduct, with plaintiff arguing that the statements were ambiguous and for the jury to construe. As discussed above, we agree it was for the jury to decipher the meaning of the statements.
¶ 29. Defendant’s second argument is that plaintiff’s counsel conceded at the hearing on his motion for summary judgment that plaintiff was on inquiry notice of the assault so as to preclude her lawsuit based on the applicable statute of limitations. At that hearing, the court asked plaintiff’s counsel if he thought that plaintiff, by bringing her suspicions to the attention of her family, indicated her awareness that defendant’s acts constituted a sexual assault and were not medical treatment. Plaintiff’s counsel stated that it indicated only that she was questioning the appropriateness of defendant’s conduct. By acknowledging, in response to the court’s questioning, that plaintiff had concerns early on about the appropriateness of defendant’s examinations, plaintiff’s counsel did not concede that plaintiff had knowledge sufficient to trigger the running of the applicable statute of limitations, as explained above.
¶ 30. Finally, we address the issue of fraudulent concealment. Section 555 of Title 12 provides as follows: “When a person entitled to bring a personal action is prevented from so doing by the fraudulent concealment of the cause of such action by the person against whom it lies, the period prior to the discovery of such cause of action shall be excluded in determining the time limited for the commencement thereof.” Plaintiff mentioned fraudulent concealment in her original complaint but then removed any mention of the term from her second amended complaint. In response to defendant’s motion for summary judgment, she argued in part that defendant had fraudulently concealed plaintiff’s potential cause of action by telling her that he was uniquely qualified to treat her and by suggesting to her that the allegedly assaultive examinations were part of his treatment for her injuries. The trial court rejected this argument in its decision, stating that a well-established defense to a claim of fraudulent concealment is that the plaintiff knew or should have known of the cause of action, which was the case here. See Snyder v. Boy Scouts of Am., Inc., 205 Cal. App. 3d 1318, 1323 (Dist. Ct. App. 1988) (“Where fraud is established the statute is tolled only for so long as the plaintiff remains justifiably ignorant of the facts upon which the cause of action depends; discovery or inquiry notice of the facts terminates the tolling.”).
¶ 31. On appeal, plaintiff briefly repeats her fraudulent concealment claim. Defendant responds that: (1) as the trial court concluded, the claim is unavailable because even if there was fraud on his part, plaintiff did not rely upon the fraud but rather was aware, or should have been aware, of the cause of action; and (2) the claim is unavailable because plaintiff failed to plead it and first mentioned it only in response to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
¶ 32. As suggested by the trial court’s ruling on this issue, any claim of fraudulent concealment is subsumed within the central preliminary question disputed by the parties, ruled on by the trial court, and to be considered by the jury on remand: Given all of the circumstances of this case—including defendant’s conduct, his relationship with plaintiff, and the nature of the injury—at what point did plaintiff know, or should she have known, that defendant assaulted her while purportedly examining her? The jury’s answer to that question will determine whether plaintiff may move forward with her lawsuit, irrespective of the existence of any fraud claim. Plaintiff may argue to the jury that defendant’s actions, including those noted above, effectively precluded her from understanding that she had a cause of action against defendant, at least until criminal charges were filed againsthiminconnectionwithallegedsimilarassaultsagainstotherwomen. Weagreewithdefendant,however, that, to the extent plaintiff is asserting a claim of intentional fraud, she is foreclosed from pursing such a claim because she failed to plead it. See Fercenia v. Guiduli, 2003 VT 50, ¶ 15, 175 Vt. 541, 830 A.2d 55 (declining to read medical malpractice negligence claim in complaint “as one of intentional fraud”).
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. FOR THE COURT:
Chief Justice
[*] This sentence no longer exists in the current version of Rule 56. The sentence was deleted, effective January 23, 2012—approximately six weeks after plaintiff responded to defendant’s motion for summary judgment but several months before the court ruled on the motion—as part of an update of the rule to “clarify[] the substance and process for summary judgment and establish[] uniformity with the current federal rule.” Reporter’s Notes, 2012 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 56. The new rule states in relevant part that if a party fails to address another party’s assertion of fact as required by 56(c), the court “may” give the party an opportunity to address the fact, consider the fact undisputed “for purposes of the motion,” grant summary judgment if the motion and supporting materials warrant it, or “issue any other appropriate order.” V.R.C.P. 56(e). The use of the word “may” under the new rule “means the court may choose not to consider the fact as undisputed, for example if the court knows of record materials that show grounds for genuine dispute.” Reporter’s Notes, 2012 Amendment, V.R.C.P. 56. Moreover, “[t]he phrase, ‘for purposes of the motion’ clarifies that a party who failed to make a proper Rule 56 response or reply remains free to contest the fact in further proceedings.” Id. Given our resolution of this issue, we need not consider whether the current version of Rule 56 clarified that the trial court has always had the discretion to consider a fact as disputed based upon an examination of the record.
Vote in CA on window on Tues. CA residents– contact your elected reps and tell them to protect the children, not the bishops
/in California /by SOL Reform“They know they don’t have to keep their victims quiet forever, just long enough to run out the clock”
As has been previously discussed, one of the major issues regarding childhood sexual abuse and justice is that the statute of limitations vary state to state. Often times, the statute has run out by the time a victim/survivor is ready to talk about what happened to them. However, many states are re-visiting this issue and some are making changes:
Tree Climbers: Arkansas Lifts Statute of Limitations on Sex Crimes Involving Minors
The Catholic Church, California & The Statute of Limitations (SB131)
The following email came to Bob McPhail, Cal Catholic editor, on July 31.
And, if you click on the link embeded above, it takes you to a “Vote No on SB131 “helpful” website. Some of the reasons why the Catholic Church of California wants you to vote no?
(emphasis mine)
and this is bad…why?
nothing protects all children – least of which, history has shown us, is the Catholic Church.
Perhaps Marci Hamilton can say it better than I:
I have said from the beginning that those who would abuse children are sick, but those who KNOW children are being abused – and do nothing? They are just as guilty as the perpetrator themselves.
When it comes to institutional cover-up I believe there should be no statute of limitations in prosecuting both the offenders and those who conspired to cover for them. That’s just my personal belief and something I would like to see further addressed. The reason being is that no longer is it the word of one child/now adult versus one perpetrator, but others knew or had a duty to know (see willful blindness: “If there is knowledge that you could have had, should have had but chose not to have, you are still responsible.”) and made the choice to let the abuse continue.
A plea from a mother
(emphasis mine)
I believe SB 131 comes up for a vote next week – August 14, 2013. If you live in California and are so inclined, please contact your appropriate representative and let them know this is at least a step in the right direction. Will it give all victims justice? No, but it will hold accountable those organizations that we already know hid this heinous abuse, and perhaps stop future organizations from covering it up.
The preface to the amended SB 131 follows after the jump – as well as a video of the senate committee hearing with powerful victim/survivor testimony
Professor Marci Hamilton has written about this as well:
“The choice is plain: protect children, or protect predators and the institutions that gave them access to children. The victims of child sex abuse who are suffering right now need state legislators to do the right thing, for the right reasons, and to send packing the bishops who have lost their way on the issue of justice.” ~Marci Hamilton
Marci A. Hamilton is a professor of law at Cardozo School of Law, and the author of Justice Denied: What America Must Do to Protect Its Children, which was just published in paperback with a new Preface. Her email address is Hamilton02@aol.com.
SOL reform is not reason parochial schools close
/in California /by SOL ReformDebunking The Catholic Church Latest Myth
Why Survivor Lawsuits Have No Connection To Catholic School Closures
Introduction
In its most recent attempt to deny survivors of childhood sexual abuse the remuneration they deserve, the Catholic Church is attempting to link the newly proposed statute of limitations outlined in SB 131 to a ignificant financial burden on the state of California via the public school system. Essentially, they argue that more lawsuits would force them to divert resources from their private, Catholic schools to survivors, in turn, forcing them to close these Catholic schools. The effect, then, would be an influx of students to the public school system, and ultimately, more costs for the state of California.
While the Church is correct in it’s observation that private, Catholic schools are in decline both in California, and nationally, there is no logical connection between their closures and the lawsuits brought by victims of childhood sexual abuse. Rather, this decline nationally, and in California, can be attributed to a number of factors, including: (1) the economic recession, (2) middle income families’ flight from urban areas, (3) and the rise of charter schools.
The Economic Recession
Middle Income Families’ Flight From Urban Areas
The Rise of Charter Schools
Why Survivor Lawsuits Do Not Contribute To Catholic School Closures
Conclusion
This specific argument promulgated by the Catholic Church is nothing more than an attempt to pin SB 131 on a problem that has been taking place for the last 50 years. Catholic schools have been closing, and enrollment has been declining since the 1960’s for the reasons outlined above. This isn’t a problem that was created by survivor lawsuits, nor have these lawsuits exacerbated the problem. In fact, one would be hard pressed to find any circumstance in which a school was closed in direct response to survivor lawsuits for sexual abuse, even in dioceses that have filed for bankruptcy in response to survivor lawsuits. The latest of the Church’s fallacious arguments is a desperate attempt to deceive lawmakers, and should be disregarded entirely.
1. Lackman, Abraham M. “THE COLLAPSE OF CATHOLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCE OF THE CHARTER SCHOOL MOVEMENT.” Alb. Gov’t L. Rev. 6 (2013): 1-224.
2. Education Week
3. James, John T., et al. “Developing a predictive metric to assess school viability.” Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice 11.4 (2008).
4. Jeffrey A. McLellan, Rise, Fall and Reasons Why: U.S. Catholic Elementary Education, 1940-1955, in CATHOLIC SCHOOLS AT THE CROSSROADS 17, 29 (James Youniss & John J. Convey eds., 2000).
5. Lexington Institute
6. Education Week
7. Education Week
8. Education Week
9. New York Times